atlas

Vol. I, Part I, 1839, General geography: mathematical, physical, political: Europe, Russia, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Austrian Empire, Prussia (€ 28,-)

+ steel engraved maps of 2 hemispheres, Australia (!), Europe, Russia in Europe north part, idem south part

+ large fold-out (60x60 cm) Political Scale of the Globe, or an Attempt to Exhibit the General Statistics of the Earth according to its Actual Political

Divisions, and the More Recent Discoveries (population, surface, revenue, debt, army, religion, language, reigning sovereign, principal towns, capitals

Vol II Part I, (James Bell),1839 (Switzerland, Holland, East Flanders, Belgium, France, Spain), (EUR 34)

1861 (6 volumes, without volume 2), with steel-engraved maps by W. Hughes, published by A&C Black, Edinburgh.

With bookseller's sticker on the inside of front cover: "Philip, Son & Nephew, Booksellers & Stationers, 51 South Castle St. Liverpool".

First published as the Glasgow System of Geography in 1812 (2 vols).

Afterwards edited by James Bell in 5 volumes in 1815, and in 6 volumes since 1824, republished throughout the 19th century (at least until 1882).

The 1861 edition was simultaneously printed in the United States (in the first year of the American Civil War) and in translation in France.

This edition also contains a new set of maps, "carefully coloured" (which is a "new feature") and "a number of views of important and interesting

localities" (i.e. steel-engravings, many by W. Hughes ). Volume 1 contains a "Prospectus" (voorwoord), and Volume 6 has an Index.

Volume 1: Northern Europe

with large map of Europe (by G.H. Swanston, black/white), map of Russia & Poland (colour),

map of Sweden, Norway & Denmark, map of Austrian Empire, map of Prussia & Western Germany,

engraving of Interlachen (by N. Finden)

Volume 2: missing (Southern Europe)

Volume 3: British Kingdom & Africa

with large map of England (by J & C Walker, b/w, 30x40 cm),

large map of Scotland (by G.H. Swanston, colour), railways, Wall of Antoninus, districts formerly possessed by clans (Stewarts, MacDonalds, etc.)

map of Ireland (by W. Hughes) , map of Lower Egypt (by G.H. Swanston), map of Coast & Environs of Alexandria, Ruined Temples at Philae (engraved by E. Finden)

Volume 4: African islands & Western Asia (Part I)

map of Asia, map of Turkey in Asia, Georgia & part of Persia,

engravings of Ephesus (by E. Finden), Smyrna (by E. Finden), Rhodes (by S. Fisher), Great Wall of China

Volume 5: Southern Asia & North America

with map of North America + map of USA, small palns of 6 main cities, engraving of New York Bay (by J.T. Smyth)

Volume 6: Central & South America & Australia

with map of world rivers and mountains, a map of the West Indies, a map of South America, and a map of Australia

new info on "projects for connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean" (under Guatamala), and the "progress of discovery" in Australia

Black's General Atlas of the World

Black's General Atlas of the World started with other cartographers in 1840 and existed for about 60 years (a late edition appeared in 1898).

The maps were mounted on central gussets ("mounted on guards").

Black's General Atlas of the World, 1840

1840 (1st edition, by Sidney Hall, 54 maps, with tissue guards, € 242 / £198);

maps 1-5 by Geo. Aikman; map 20 (Germany) by J. Brown; plate 4 has hand-coloured mountains & rivers

In 1840, Sidney Hall made steel-engraved maps on the basis of the process invented by Jacob Perkins (1766 - 1849), zie wikipedia link.

The hardness of the printing plates invented by Perkins enabled engravers to achieve much greater density of detail without loss of clarity.

(N.B. Mariana Starke stelde in 1822 al aan uitgever John Murray voor om het Perkins-procedé voor haar kaart met de postwegen van Europa te gebruiken)

Special feautures of the 1st edition of 1840:

Map 19: the Netherlands is "now divided into Holland and Belgium "

from the Introduction, page 6: "The Dutch still claim the islands of Oruba and Ourubilla, that of Bonaire, or Buenos Ayres,

all of the northern coast of South America. These, however, have few or no resident inhabitants, but a few persons occasionally

resort to them to take turtles, or to collect salt"

Map 20: an index map of Germany with posthouses

Map 23: Austrian Dominions: a union of different countires, 15 governments (see Introduction)

Maps 31 & 32: Italy consists of nine sovereign states, one of which is part of the Austrian Empire & the others are politically subject to Austria

Maps 33 & 36: Turkey in Europe & Asia: diminished Ottoman Empire, still includes the entire Balkan, Iraq, Syria, yet without Greece

Map 34: Hindustan "with part of Caubul"

Map 41: New Holland or Australia (as it is now called in Britain, see Introduction)

Map 42: Africa:major part is still described as "undiscovered country"

Map 44: Africa, South Part, the present-day Orange Free State is described as "country lately taken possession of by colonial farmers"

Map 45: North America; without today's California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah (all belonging to Mexico), while Texas is an independent

Maps 46 & 47: United States: 26 states, 3 territories, 1 district (Iowa and Wisconsin was then only settled by squatters)

Texas had become an independent Republic in 1835, under President (General) Samuel Houston (see Introduction)

Map 53: South America since the revolutions after Spain was defeated by France in 1808; Argentina is called La Plata (without Patagonia)

Black's General Atlas of the World, 1860 (2nd Bartholomew edition since 1856, €160 / £130 inclusive),

with small bookplate of previous owner: "W. Ireland, Trinity College Cambridge", from a limited gilt-edged edition, No. 350

The 1860 edition had lithographic prints by Fr. Schenk, Edinburgh, they were engraved by Sidney Hall, William Hughes and (newly) by John Bartholomew,

a number of maps were "printed in colours by W.H. McFarlane", others by Fr. Schenk , Edinburgh;

Some of the maps were "drawn by J. Bartholomew Jr."

Bartholomew, Black's Handy Atlas of England and Wales, 1892 (since 1890)

Cary's Traveller's Companion (counties of England and Wales), 1790, 1st ed. (!), copper engraved, hand colouring, (GBP 310, € 370 inc.)

Colton, G. W., General Atlas, 1857 (100 steel plate engraved, 170 maps, mounted on central gusset,

imperial folio (elephant size, 17.5" x 15"), 1st ed., $451,- inclusive, € 346,-)

Colton & Fitch's Modern School Geography, George W. Fitch, with maps 'on a new and uniform scale' by G.W. Colton, Boston, 1857 ($39 / € 30,- incl.)

Ewing, Thomas, New and General World Atlas + A System of Geography (15th ed. ±1839, steel plate marks) (€ 110 + € 30,- incl.),

maps mounted on central gusset

Johnson's Family Atlas of the World, 1866 ($ 815, incl. postage, excl. VAT), maps mounted on central gusset (i.e. central paper strip)

Johnston, Keith, A School Atlas of General and Descriptive Geography, 1872 (post Franco-German war), EUR 30 incl., litho colour, central gusset

Mitchell's New General Atlas, 1878 (USD 410 + 25 + 30 douane = € 340,-), publ. by S.A. Mitchell jr., Philadelphia, maps mounted on central gusset

Monteith's Comprehensive Geography, New England edition, school atlas of United States, Canada, world (incl. Netherlands)

published by A.S. Barnes and Company, 1872, engravings, 104 pages + Supplement, 1878, 30 pages (USD 61 + postage)

Morse, Jedidiah, American Universal Geography, Vol. 2, 1796 (2e ed., € 145,-), 1805 (vol. 1, € 80,-), 1812 (Volumes 1&2, € 50,-)

Morse's School Geography + Atlas, 1828 (Geography: USD 44 = € 30, Atlas: USD 134 + 26 + custom: € 124,-)

Rand McNally, Dollar Atlas of the United States & Canada, 1884 (1e ed. € 42)

Rand McNally & Co's New Pocket Atlas, Unites States, Canada, World, 1893 (€ 27,-)

Rand McNally, Ideal Atlas of the World, 1916 (USD 16,-/40,- = € 36,- incl.)

survey of British/American Atlases / maps:

Christopher Saxton (ca. 1543 - ca. 1610)

Atlas of England and Wales (1579); a new national survey of lands was commissioned with royal encouragement,

after the redistribution of monastic lands (see "Antique Maps"); it became the basis for all county maps until the mid-18th century;

Edities uit 1689-1693 bevatten aangepaste kaarten van Philip Lea, die later ook in de edities van George Willdey (ca. 1730) werden gebruikt;

Thomas Jefferys gaf in 1749 The Shires of England & Wales uit, een herziening van Saxton's An Atlas of England & Wales;

Circa 1770 publiceerden C. Dicey & Co. de laatste uitgave van deze Atlas.

William Camden (1551-1623, link)

Britannia (1586 - 1607)

een county-by-county beschrijving van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland, in het Latijn uitgegeven in 1586, met vele herdrukken,

in 1607 voorzien van 57 county maps van Christopher Saxton;

deze Latijnse uitgave als basis voor de in 1617 & 1639 door Willem Janszn Blaeu in Amsterdam uitgegeven editie onder redactie van Reinier Telle,

later vertaald in het Engels door Philemon Holland in 1610 (een latere editie verscheen in 1639), en opnieuw vertaald in 1695 door Edmund Gibson,

met county maps van Robert Morden (latere edities verschenen in 1722, 1753, 1772);

in 1789 editie in 4 delen, met kaarten van John Cary, en onder redactie van Richard Gough, ontdekker van de beroemde 14e-eeuwse Gough-map),

heruitgave in 1806.

Het werk was in heel Europa populair, met onder meer uitgaves in Amsterdam (1617 en heruitgave in 1639, W.J. Blaeu) en Frankfurt (1616).

John Norden (1548 - 1626)

England: an Intended Guyde for English Travailers (1625)

eerste gebruik van de driehoekige afstandstabellen

John Speed (1552-1629)

Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine, first published in 1611, and many times republished until 1770.

De kaarten van John Speed, met gedetailleerde stadsplattegronden en beschrijvingen vervingen de atlassen van Christopher Saxton

Hij was weliswaar geïnspireerd door de kaarten van Saxton & Norden, maar voegde er veel eigen informatie aan toe.

Onder Koningin Elisabeth I was reizen populairder geworden als gevolg van overzeese handel, en binnenlandse verbindingen met havensteden.

Itinerarium Anglae

John Ogilby (1600-1676)

Britannia - a Geographical and Historical Description of the Principal Roads thereof" (link) in 1675; "strip maps" met alle belangrijke postwegen

Ogilby gebruikte als eerste de standaardmijl van 1760 yards. Hoewel de "statute mile" al in 1595 was ingevoerd, werden tot

dan toe in de praktijk nog steeds de traditionele "long", "middle" en "short" mijl gebruikt, wat tot veel verwarring leidde.

De in 1719 verschenen Pocket Guide for the English Traveller van Thomas Gradner was een verkorte versie van Ogilby's Itinerarium Anglae

Thomas Jefferys (1695 - 1771)

The Shires of England & Wales (1749, heruitgave van Saxton's An Atlas of England & Wales)

Small English Atlas, 1749 (samen met Thomas Kitchin)

American Atlas, 1775-1782, 48 copperplate engravings

Thomas Kitchin (1718 - 1784)

Small English Atlas, 1749 (met Thomas Jefferys)

The Large English Atlas, 1755 - 1760

Royal English Atlas, 1762

General Atlas, 1770--1788, 44 copper plate engravings

New Universal Atlas, 1795, 66 maps

William Faden (1750 - 1836)

North American Atlas, 1777, 27 color maps

M. Carey: American Atlas, 1795-1809

American Pocket Atlas, 1796-1814

General Atlas, 1796-1818, 45 maps

John Melish: Military and topographical Atlas of the United States, 1813

Aaron Arrowsmith (1750 - 1823)

(+ S. Lewis): New & Elegant General Atlas, 1804-1819 (1819 edition to accompany new Improved edition of Morse's Geography)

The Cyclopaedia, 1806, 61 maps

New General Atlas, 1817, 53 maps

John Cary ( ca. 1754 - 1835)

Traveller's Companion (counties of England and Wales), 1790-1728

New Universal Atlas, 1808-1824, 56 maps (na de Conferentie van Wenen in 1815 nieuwe grenzen in Midden Europa)

J. Pinkerton: Modern Atlas, 1815, 60 maps

C. Smith: New General Atlas, 1816 (na de Conferentie van Wenen in 1815 nieuwe grenzen in Midden Europa)

W. Guthrie: General Atlas, 1820, 22 maps (for: Guthrie's Geography)

F. Lucas: General Atlas, 1823, 100 color maps, many American

J. Morse (+S.E. Morse): Modern Atlas, 1822-1828

New Universal Atlas, 1822

S.E. Morse (+ S. Breese): New Universal Atlas of the World, 1825, 30 maps

Cerographic Atlas of the United States, 1848

Morse's North American Atlas, 1842-(1845)

H.C. Carey & I. Lea: Complete Historical, Chronological and Geographical American Atlas, 1822-1827

Family Cabinet Atlas, 1832-1834, 48 maps

Malte-Brun: Universal Geography, 1828

A. Finley: New General Atlas, 1824 (60 copper plates by Young & Delekker), then annually 1826-1834 with added plates,

many American (e.g. in 1829: Western + Eastern hemisphere, Mercator world projection, North America, Canada, USA,

23 separate pp of states/territories, incl. Indiana, Illinois, Misssissippi, Louisiana, Missouri, 2 pages of NY, 2 pp Pennsylvania?, no Florida,

Mexico, W-Indies, South America,

Europe, Scandinavia, Russia, Holland, Netherl, Britain, Scotl, Ireland, Germany, Prussia, Austria, France, Switzerl, Iberia, Italy, Greece, Turkey,

Asia, Russia in Asia, Turkey in Asia, Hindoostan, China, Palestine

Africa, Egypt, pp. with mountains, rivers, statistical table at front), format: approx 35x 27 cm

Atlas Classica, 1829 (10-11 plates)

New American Atlas, 15 plates, 1826, reprinted in 1831 by S.A. Mitchell

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1829-1835

D.H. Burr, New Universal Atlas, 1835, 63 maps

T.G. Bradford (+ S.G. Goodrich): A Comprehensive Atlas, 1835, 66 maps (also American)

Universal Illustrated Atlas, 1842, 49 maps

H.C. Tanner: Atlas of the United States, 1835

New Universal Atlas, 1836-1843 (sold to S.A. Mitchell in 1846)

S.A. Mitchell: A New American Atlas, 1831, a reprint of Finley's atlas of 1826, with added decorative border

"Although Mitchell's first cartographic publication was the 1831 New American Atlas,

he seems to have focused his major attention on maps during the succeeding years."

New Universal Atlas, 1846-1859, 117 maps and more,

" In 1845 Mitchell acquired the copyright for Tanner's New Universal Atlas from Carey & Hart,

which had previously purchased the copyright from Tanner and had published the atlas in 1843 and 1844." (Ristow)

decorative borders with manually applied green coloring;

after 1849 the border color "appears to have been printed by chromolithography, although the color on the actual maps was still manually applied"

steel-plate engravings probably transferred to lithographic stones (the plate marks of the Tanner/ Carey & Hart period have disappeared);

beautifully colored title-page engraving of "the First Landing of Columbus in the New World",

as well as a beautifully colored engraving of mountain-heights and river-lengths;

even the text on the title page and on the list of contents has been printed in red and blue colors;

very bright colors (as seen in an 1854 edition)

colors on the maps are softer (pastel-tinted), as is characteristic of the later Mitchell atlases;

the border color seems to have disappeared (as seen in an 1857 edition), as has the coloring on the title page and mountain-river-page

New General Atlas, 1860-1887 (47 to 53 quarto maps, revised until 1887),

published by S.A. Mitchell jr., and from 1880 by W.M Bradley & co.

in a slightly smaller format than the Universal Atlas

all editions reproduced by lithography, but the maps still have manual coloring

decorative borders, but no longer with green coloring

Mitchell's Family Atlas of the World, Subscription Edition: this was a different name under which the New General Atlas was published in 1893,

by the A.R. Keller Company, 93 map plates + 162 pages of description and statistics

New Atlas of America, 1874

New Reference Atlas, 1865, 56 copper-plate maps

Mitchell's School Atlas, 1838-1886 to accompany the geography books, see below ("This is the most widely used school atlas of the 19th century")

G.W. Colton: the Coltons (respectively father J.H. and son G.W.) entered the atlas-making business relatively late:

Colton's Atlas of the World, 1855/56-, 1857, 2 editions

each edition consisting of 2 volumes, one of which only dedicated to the Americas, 58 maps,

Ristow: "[the maps exhibit] no plate marks, so the engraved maps were probably transferred to lithographic stones.

Color was manually applied. "

Colton's General Atlas, published 1857-1888, number of steel-plate engravings: 170 (in 1857) 180 (by 1866) to 202 (in 1876-1888)

in 1860 its copyright was sold to A.J. Johnson

from 1857 temporarily no decorative borders (decorative borders reappear in the 1860 atlas),

from 1874 no longer called "steel-engraved": so possibly lithography after 1874

From Walter Ristow's American Maps and Mapmakers (1985):

"[The Atlas of the World] was replaced in 1857 by Colton's General Atlas in one volume.

The title page describes the atlas as 'containing One Hundred and Seventy Steel Plate Maps and Plans,

on One Hundred Imperial Sheets.'

This suggests that the General atlas may have been introduced because this type of reproduction had become available.

The publisher's advertisement still states that the maps were engraved,

but it is not clear whether the maps were engraved on steel or

whether they were transferred from copper to steel plates. The latter is more likely.

Around 1857 a technique of enfacing copper with steel was invented.

It allowed the engraver to work his image on a soft copper plate,

upon completion of which the copper plate was coated with a more durable steel surface by means of electroplating.

G. Woolworth Colton is given as the author of the atlas.

Colton had obviously stopped using his first full name in favor of the more distinguished sounding G. Woolworth.

Most of the maps in the General Atlas duplicate those published earlier in the Atlas of the World.

In fact, the original 1855 copyright registration appear on most of them.

In order to fit the maps onto a smaller page, however,

the maps in early editions of the General Atlas do not have decorative borders.

The borders were reinstated beginning with the 1860 edition.

Like its predecessor, the General Atlas includes extensive text and statistical data by [ Richard Swainson] Fisher [M.D.].

[Fisher also wrote for many of the Colton gazetteers and historical and geographical books and guides] .

The General Atlas apparently proved to be a popular publication,

and it was reissued in revised editons to 1888 [from 1860 alongside Johnson's Family Atlas]."

Atlas of America, 1864

J.H. Colton: Colton's Quarto Atlas of the World, 1865, 50 copper-plate maps

C.W. Morse: Morse's General Atlas of the World, 1856, 70 maps

Diamond Atlas, 1857

A.J. Johnson: New illustrated Family Atlas, 1860-1885

59 color maps (many maps bought from J.H. Colton, new maps in 1866 edition,

probably lithography is used instead of steel engraving: the 1864 edition refers to maps being "transferred and printed',

from steel engravings to lithographic stones or zinc plates),

the paper quality of the 1866 edition seems to be slightly inferior to that of the other editions.

J. Bartholomew: Black's Atlas of North America, 1856, 20 maps

Black's General Atlas of the World, 1858-1867 (American Supplement)

Philip's Handy General Atlas of America, 1879, 23 color maps

C.G. Colby: Diamond Atlas, 1857

World in Miniature, 1861

G.H. Swanston: Companion Atlas to the Gazetteer of the World, 1860, 43 color maps

Appleton's General Atlas of the World, 1872, 33 maps

Asher & Adams: New (Commercial, Topographical and Statistical Atlas) of the United States, 1872-1874

O.W. Gray: Atlas of the United States, 1873-1876

Atlas of the World, 1876

National Atlas, 1875-1882

Gray's Atlas of the United States with general maps of the world, 1876

G.F. Cram: Cram's Illustrated Family Atlas of the World, 1882 (327 pages)

Illustrated Atlas, 1885

Cram's Unrivaled Family Atlas of the World, 1883 (132 pages)

Unrivaled Atlas, 1887

Standard American Atlas, 1887-1889

etc.

Rand, McNally: Business Atlas, 1876-1880

New Family Atlas, 1888-1891

General Atlas, 1887-1905

Indexed Atlas (of the World), 1881-1907 (904 pages, 70 maps)

New Indexed Atlas, 1886-1894

New Indexed Business Atlas, 1881-1884

Improved Indexed Business Atlas, 1881-1888

Enlarged Business Atlas, 1889-1909, etc.

New Dollar Atlas of the United States and Canada, 1884

Family Atlas of the United States, 1892

Universal atlas, 1892-1901

Twentieth Century Atlas, 1896

New Standard Atlas, 1890-1899

New General Atlas, 1895

Library Atlas, 1894-1895

Household Atlas, 1898

etc.

N.B.

- until approx. 1830: mainly copperplate engraving in mapmaking (limited editions, expensive); after that it is occasionally used,

e.g. until the 1846 editions of Mitchell's New Universal Atlas, on which plate marks are visible:

probably the copper plate engravings were transferred to lithographic stones for the 1846 Atlas.

- steel-engravings (also plate marks visible on the maps) often replaced copper engravings after about 1830;

used e.g. in S.A. Mitchell's Travellers Guide through the United States (from 1832);

the technique had been used for printing banknotes (less easy to duplicate by forgers, more durable than copper plates);

there is no evidence of steel plates for American maps before 1830 (in England it was used earlier, e.g by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge;

a well-known name was Jacob Perkins (1766-1849, zie wikipedia link) to whom Mariana Starke refers in one of her letters in the early 1820s; according to Ristow.

- lithographic stones had become usual in Europe by 1820 (clear and attractive maps, additions and corrections could easily be made on the stones)

- in American mapmaking, lithography appears later, e.g. in Mitchell's Traveller's Guide of 1832, and in Mitchell's atlases from 1846

- cerography (wax-engraving, which was cheaper and less high-quality) is extensively used in American mapmaking in the 1870s and 1880s,

but not by Colton and Mitchell, who had used steel engravings and lithographic plates throughout the second half of the 19th century (until 1892 when Colton's firm expired)

- decorative borders appear on many American maps after 1830 (possibly using a technique invented at about 1820, intended as anti-forgery feature for use on banknotes

- color is often applied manually on the expensive atlases; mechanical coloring of map borders by chromolithography is used e.g. after 1849 in Mitchell's New Universal Atlas

copper-plate engraving: from mid 15th century (first maps in 1477, Ptolemy's Geographia, Bologna edition, popular in the U.S.A. until about 1830

(volgens Teenstra's Kronijk, werd het kopergraveren in 1425 uitgevonden, in 1440 verder verbeterd in Colmar, en in 1460 te Florence)

steel-plate engraving: old method, more durable than copper, but difficult to engrave due to hardness of material;

from 1804, Perkins discovered a process whereby steel plates became suitable for engraving:

popular for printing banknotes, and was briefly applied after 1830 to map-printing, e.g. by Mitchell and Colton.

lithography: invented in 1796, became popular in Europe by 1820, printing from stone or, e.g., zinc plates with grease crayon or ink, etc.

cerographic engraving: wax-engraving, first applied in America in 1840, at printing house of William Sharp,

invented by Sidney E. Morse, aptented in 1848, popular in cartography during 1870s and 1880s,

notably by Rand McNally & Co in the very detailed railway maps, as well as other maps (Rand McNally also used electrotyping andmechanical coloring).

chromolithography coloring: first applied in the U.S. by William Sharp in 1840, to replace hand-coloring mainly for illustrations,

e.g. borders of maps and title page of atlases, while the detailed hand-coloring remained done by hand.

The technique used for coloring maps mechanically was invented/perfected by Charles H. Waite (who worked for Rand McNally since the 1870s).

survey of Dutch atlases / maps:

Sazerac, P., Hoognodige Gronden der Aardrijkskunde, voor kinderen, verdeeld in vier-en-twintig korte lessen; 7e editie, 1807, uitgever: J.B. Elwe, Amsterdam;

(Principes des Géographie, absolument nécessaires aux Enfans; divisés en vingt quatre petites Léçons); tweetalig; Franse en Nederlandse kolommen naast elkaar;

60 pp + 4 pp. ("Bij den Uitgeever dezes zijn mede de volgende Werken te bekomen")

pp. 3 & 4 ontbreken (lege pagina's?), titelpagina en ommezijde wel aanwezig, kaart Europa ontbreekt; 4 handgekleurde kaarten aanwezig:

tegenover pagina 9: Universele of Waereld Kaart, volgens de laatste ontdekkingen van Capt. Cook (15 x 21 cm)

inclusief Nieuw Holland

tegenover pagina 50: Kaart van Asia, volgens de laatste ontdekkingen van Capt. Cook (21 x 21 cm)

tegenover pagina 54: Nieuwe Generale Kaart van Africa, volgens de laatste ontdekkingen (21 x 22 cm)

tegenover pagina 56: Nieuwe Generale Kaart van Amerika, volgens de laatste ontdekkingen van Capt. Cook (20 x 22 cm)

+ "Aanwysing der 13 Vereenigde Staten"; "Louisiana hebben de Staten Anno 1803 van Vrankrijk gekocht "

inclusief Canada of Nieuw Vrankrijk, Mexico of Nieuw Spanje, Land Labrador of Esikmaux)

inhoud lessen: 1: algemeen denkbeeldvan de aardrijkskunde, 2: verkalring van eenige kunstwoorden, 3: algemeene verdeeling der Aarde,

4: Van Europa in 't Algemeen, 5: Van de Brittanische Eilanden, 6: Van Deenemarken, 7: Van Noorwegen, 8: Van Zweeden, 9: Van Rusland of Moscoviën,

10: Van Frankrijk, 11: Van de Neederlanden 12: Van Zwitserland, 13: Van Duitschland, 14: Van Pruisen, 15: Van Poolen, 16: Van Hongarijen,

17: Van Portugal, 18: Van Spanje, 19: Van Italiën, 20: Van 't Europisch Turkijen, 21: Algemeen denkbeeld van Asia, 22: Van Africa in 't Algemeen,

23: Van America in't Algemeen, 24: Van de Pool- of min-bekende landen

Bos, P.R., Atlas der Gehele Aarde, 16e druk (1904), 32e (1929), 35e druk (1936), 36e druk (1939), 39e druk (1956), 43e druk

16e editie (1904): 46 kaarten (de 1902 editie had 44 kaarten, en de 1910-editie 47 kaarten), lithografie van J.H. v.d. Wijer, Groningen (in 1914 overgenomen door Wolters);

Niermeijer nam na 1902 de redactie over van P.R. Bos

kaart 1 De Aarde, waarop poolstreken met vermelding van ontdekkingsreizen van Peary (1901), MacClure (1850-53) en Nordenskjöld (1878-79)

idem Zuidelijke Poolcirkel, met reizen van scott (1902) en Drygalski (1902), Weddell (1823), De Gerlache (1898), Cook (1774)

kaart 2: belangrijkste Nederlandse stoomvaartlijnen

kaart 5: Europa, met Turksche Rijk inclusief deel van Griekenland (Saloniki), "Oostenrijk-Hongarije"

kaart 9: Nederland, met de eilanden Wieringen, Marken, Schokland, Urk, stippellijn op de plaats van de voormalige dam naar Ameland

kaart 10: Havenwerken, met dieptes "beneden den middelbaren rivierstand" (M.R.) van 1861-1870

kaart 13: schaalvermelding in geografische mijlen (G.M., circa 7 km land, zie ook kaart 19)

kaart 14: Groningen, Friesland, Drente en Overijsel, met "verbindingsdam (stukgeslagen)"naar Ameland; met spoorwegen in aanleg, bestaand, in voorbereiding

kaart 15: eilandje van Pampus (vuurtoren)

kaart 23: Polen, binnen "Groot-Rusland, gebied ten oosten van de Oeral heet "Gouvernement Tobolsk"

kaart 25: Ierland ongedeeld, plus vermelding van 52 graafschappen in Engeland & Wales

kaart 31: Azië, met kleurenaanduiding voor Britse, Nederlandse, Franse, Amerikaanse, Portugese en Duitse bezittingen, Turksche Rijk inclusief Mesopotamië (Irak)

kaart 32: Zuid-Azië, plus Italiaansche bezittingen (Somalië & Eritrea), met namen van internationale handelssteden ("voor het verkeer geopend") in China zijn onderstreept

kaart 33: Indonesië heet "insulinde", met aanduiding van buitenlandse bezittingen

kaart 35: Batavia, met verwijzing naar de uitbarsting van de Smerde-vulkaan in 1885

kaart 36: met vermelding van "stoomtramwegen"

kaart 37: Afrika, met bezittinegn en protectoraten; Libië heet nog "Tripolis"en "Barka"(met hoofdstad Benghasi); Tunis en Alegerië nog ongedeelde Franse bezitting

kaart 39: Afrika, karavaan- en karrewegen, dragerspaden, etc, ; Kaurischelp & Maria Theresia Thaler als betaalmiddel; Transvaalkolonie, Oranje Rivierkolonie, Kaapkolonie

kaart 40: Noord-Amerika

kaart 41: Noord-Amerika, nog geen Panamakanaal (aangelegd in 1910)

kaart 42: New York, Chicago, etc., met o.a. de groei van Chicago van 1835 tot 1890, met vermelding van de grote brand van 1871

kaart 43: Verenigde Staten & Mexico , met Indianenterritorium

kaart 44: Zuid-Amerika

kaart 45: Middel-amerika & West-Indië

kaart 46: Australië, met "Noordelijk Territorium van Zuid-Australië"

35e druk (1936): ingetekende zeppelin van Rio de Janeiro naar Europa

Schuiling R.

Beknopte Aardrijkskunde van Nederland, 10e druk (uitgegeven vanaf 1887 t/m 12e druk in 1930)

Bruins, F. , Goedkope en Practische Atlas van Nederland, 2e druk, ca. 1910

Edzes, Groningen stadsplattegronden: 1946, 1956, 1961 (17e), 20e (1965), 35e (1978), 36e, 44e, 53e, ...

Sleeswijk, J.A.

Sleeswijk's Atlas van Nederland, 1e druk 1913, 3e druk 1927 (uitgegeven vanaf 1913)

Witkamp, P.H. Campagne's Atlas der Geheele Aarde, 2e verbeterde druk, 1887

24 kaartjes, dubbele pagina's, ca. 30 x 25 cm, ingekleurd lithografieën van L. van Leer, Haarlem, kaarten op 'stubs';

steeds met apart reliëf-diagram (hoogteverschillen) en informatie m.b.t. talen

Australië heet nog Nieuw Holland

Afstanden in "Duitsche Mijlen"; 15 Duitsche Mijlen = 1 graad van de Linie (= evenaar)

Kaart 3 (Nederland) vermeldt de afstanden in Duitsche of Geografische mijlen, naast een afstandsaanduiding in "Uren";

Rottemeroog en Bosch worden nog als waddeneiland aangegeven.

Inhoud: "half-title" pagina; titelpagina; 1. wereldkaart; 2. Europa; 3. Nederland; 4. België; 5. Duitsche Rijk (inclusief noordelijk Polen, Elzas & Lotharingen,

met vermelding van de afzonderlijke 4 koninkrijken, 6 groothertogdommen, 5 hertogdommen, 7 vorstendommen, 3 vrije steden, Rijksland);

6. Thüringen (1pagina); 7. Luxemburg (1 pagina); 8. Zwitserland; 9. Oostenrijk ("Oostenrijksch-Hongaarsche Monarchie", incl. Bohemen);

10. Italië (met afstanden in Italiaansche Mijlen; 60 per graad, ofwel 4 Italiaansche Mijlen = 1 Duitsche Mijl); 11. Frankrijk;

12. Spanje & Portugal (afstanden ook in Spaansche leguas en Portugeesche legoas);

13. Groot-Britannië & Ierland (69,2 Engelsche Mijlen per graad, zeedieptes in "vademen"); 14. Denemarken; 15. Zweden & Noorwegen (vermelding "Zweedsche Mijlen");

16: Europeesch Rusland (incl. deel van Polen en Finland; afstandvermelding van Russische Wersten); 17: Europeesch Turkije ("landstreken onder het onmiddelijke

bestuur der Othomansche Porte"; van de Balkan t/m Mesopotamië), Griekenland en Polen;

18. Azië; 19: Oostindische Archipel; 20: Java; 21. Afrika; 22. Noord-Amerika; 23. Zuid-Amerika, Suriname & Antillen; 24. Australië

American School Geographies & Atlases (link)

1784: Morse's Geography Made Easy, 1st ed., by Jedidiah Morse (2nd ed. 1790, 3rd in 1791)

Also, from 1789, The American Geography, more scientific, enlarged in 1793: American Universal Geography (2 vols. 1: the Americas, 2: Europe, Asia, Africa)

From 1795: Elements of Geography, 144 pages, engraved maps of the world and the U.S.

From 1814, A Compendious and Complete System of Modern Geography, 7 maps, no illustr., an abridgement of 1812 ed. of American Universal Geography

From 1822, A New System of Modern Geography + Modern Atlas (9 maps), by Sidney E. Morse (his first publication without Jedidiah Morse)

From 1844, Morse's School Geography, 72 pp, with hand-colored maps + black and white illustr.

"[Morse's School Geography] is one of the best-known geography books of the 19th century,

mostly because it is one of the earliest books to be printed by cerographic (or eloctrotype or wax engraving) plates.

In fact, Morse is considered the American originator of this technique".

1795: A Short but Comprehensive System of Geography of the World, by Nathaniel Dwight

1803: The Rudiments of Geography, by John Hubbard

1805: A New System of Modern Geography, by Benjamin Davies

1805: A Geographical Dictionary of the United States of North America, by Joseph Scott

1811: A New System of Geography, by Elijah Parish, D.D. + A New Atlas, 11 maps

published by Francis Nichols, who also published A Compend of Geography in 1809.

1814: Cummings' Introduction to Ancient and Modern Geography + School Atlas (paper covers, 7 double-page maps)

1820: An Epitome of Modern Geography, by J.E. Worcester, 156 pp, 3 maps, 7 x 4.5 inches

1822: Woodbridge's Rudiments of Geography + School Atlas (paper covers, 9 maps: i.a. World, N. America, U.S., S. America, Europe, Asia & Austr., Africa)

1822: A Compendius System of Geography, by Jacob Willetts (2nd edition) + Atlas

1827: Outlines of Modern Geography, by Charles A. Goodrich (published by S.G. Goodrich) + Atlas

1840: A Pictorial Geography of the World, by S.G. Goodrich, for a general audience, with small maps and illustrations

1844: Parley's New Geography, publ. by S.G. Goodrich, for young students

"Peter Parley is the nom de plume of Goodrich or perhaps his hired anonymous writer"

1852: The First Book of History, Combined with Geography, by the author of Peter Parley's Tales, 224 pages, illustr, copper-plate maps

S.G Goodrich "in a way anticipates the modern program of social studies".

1827: System of Geography, by M. Malte-Brun, volumes + Atlas (by Anthony Finley)

there ware several American versions, including one in 3 volumes (volume 2 covers Africa and America, vol. 3 covers Europe)

1835: Smith's Geography, Geography on the Productive System + a large and valuable Atlas, by Roswell C. Smith

1835: A Practical System of Geography, by J. Olney + A New and Improved School Atlas (paperback, 13 maps)

1849: Olney's Quarto Geography for Families and Schools, 68 pp, 28 hand-colored maps + illustrations

"Jesse Olney had been publishing small textbooks since the 1820s in various subjects including geography"

1835: A System of Modern Geography, by Nathaniel G. Huntington, 306 pp, no maps

1838: Analytical Geography, by J.U. Parsons

1838: Smiley's Geography, by Thos. T. Smiley (on the plan of Hugh Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography of 1834)

Earlier Smiley geographies by + Atlas exits as well (e.g. 1823)

1839: Modern Geography in Three Parts, by Daniel Adams, 17th ed. + Atlas

1839: Mitchell's Geographical Reader (600 pp., no illustr., 8 x 5 inches) + Mitchell's School Atlas (14 maps + later additions until 1886), by S. Augustus Mitchell

Also, from 1841, Mitchell's Primary Geography (120 engravings + 14 maps)

From 1852, A System of Modern Geography + School Atlas (44 pages, 32 maps, wax engraving or lithography, hand-colored)

From 1869: A Hand Book of Map Drawing, adapted especially to the maps in Mitchell's New Series of school Geographies

"Map-drawing is properly an aid to the study of Geography"

From 1877: Mitchell's New Primary Geography, 9 x 7,25 inches, 114 pp.

"Mitchell geographies had probably the widest distribution of any in the 19th century, appearing from circa 1839 into the 1890s"

1855: Colton & Fitch's Modern School Geography, with maps by G. W. Colton, 125 pages, 40 hand-colored maps, many illustr., 9.5 x 8 inches

"George was the son of J.H., and Colton is (i.e. was) one of the best map making firms in the country".

Also from 1855: Outlines of Physical Geography, by George W. Fitch, published by J.H. Colton

From 1865: J.H. Colton's American Quarto Geography, by G.W. Colton, 118 pp, about 40 maps,

"At 14 x 11.5 inches, this is one of the larger nineteenth century geographies seen", wax engraved

1855: Cornell's Intermediate Geography, forming Part Second of a Systematic Series of School Geographies,

by S.S. Cornell, 84 pp, hand-clored maps, illustr. (double-page maps of U.S. and the world)

published by D. Appleton & Company

"Sarah Sophie Cornell was a prominent geography textbook author and Appleton a very well-known publishing house".

From 1857: Cornell's High School Geography, forming Part Third ..., 406 pp + Cornell's Companion Atlas (46 pp, 26 maps, printed in lithography)

"this is a throwback to ther older type of geography in a sexto volume with no maps"

From 1858: Cornell's First Steps in geography, 70 pp, 18 hand-colored maps, illustr.

From 1880: Appleton's Standard Elementary Geography, 108 pp, 10 maps, black & white illustrations, 9.25 x 7.5 inches

"around this time Appleton dropped the Cornell geographies and came out with a whole new line with no identified authors".

From 1884: First Lessons in Geography, by James Monteith (publ. by American Book Company, New York)

The American Book Company was a successor to D. Appleton

1855: Warren's Physical Geography, by D.M. Warren, printed from electrotype (wax engraving), 92 pp, b&w illustrations, maps, 11.5 x 10 inches.

From 1886: Warren's Brief Course in Geography, 96 pp + 16 hand-colored maps

1855: McNally's System of Geography, by Francis McNally (who was not the co-founder of Rand McNally, which was Andrew),

110 pp, 34 maps, incl double-page U.S. map, publ. by A.S. Barnes, 12 x 10 inches

1857: Introduction to Monteith's Manual of Geography, by James Monteith, 62 pp, hand-colored maps + black & White illustr., for young children

From 1884: First Lessons in Geography, by James Monteith, (publ. by American Book Company) 70 pp, 12 maps, 7 x 5 inches

From 1885: Barnes' Complete Geography, by James Monteith, 30 maps, illustrations, 12.5 x 10.25 inches

From 1868: Guyot's Geographical Series, Elementary Geography, for Primary Classes, hand-colored maps, illustrations, 8.7 x 7 inches

e.g. Guyot's Physical Geography of 1872, by James Monteith

From 1875: Guyot's New Intermediate Geography, a revision of the 1867 edition, 100 pp, 18 maps, illustration

1870: Manual of Geography, by M.F. Maury (one of the founders of modern oceanography), 12 x 10 inches, 160 pp, 25 maps, black & white illustrations.

From 1880: Maury's New Complete Geography, by M.F. Maury (1806-1873!)

1875: Swinton's Complete Course Geography, by William Swinton, 141 pp, 28 maps, illustr., 12 x 10 inches

1875: Sadlier's Excelsior Geography, by W.H. Sadlier, for Catholic schools, 126 pp, maps, b&w illustr., 12 x 10 inches

1877: Harper's Introductory Geography, 112 pp., 12 full page maps, black & white illustrations

1881: Cram's Illustrated Handbook of Geography, 203 pp, maps, illustrations, 8 x 6 inches

1887: Niles's Standard Geography, by Sanford Niles, published by American Book Company, 134 pp, 30 color maps, b&w illustr, a few small b&w maps, 12 x 10"

1888: Potter's New Elementary Geography, by Eliza H. Morton, 124 pp, maps, illustr, 10 x 8 inches

1894: Rand McNally Geographical Series: first of four books

in 1897: The Rand McNally Elementary Geography, by Florence Holbrook, 152 pp, maps, 9.5 x 8 inches

1896: The Werner Introductory Geography, by H.S. Tarbell, 188 pp, color maps, b&w illustr, 7.25 x 5.5 inches

1898: Natural Advanced Geography, by Redway & Hinman, publ. by American Book Company, 162 pp, color maps, b&w illustr,

"some illustrations are reproduced from photos", 12.5 x 10,25 inches.

1922: Goode's School Atlas Advance Pages, by Paul J. Goode (publishers: Rand McNally & Co.), 32 pages, a preprint the 1923 Atlas (see below)

From 1923: Goode's School Atlas Physical, Political, and Economic, 96 pages, several U.S. maps, 11 x 9.5 inches

"Goode's atlas was first published in 1923 (..) and quickly assumed the position Mitchell's atlas in the nineteenth century;

that is, it became the standard school atlas. There were many subsequent editions, and sometime around 1960 it was renamed Goode's World Atlas.

It is stil being published (as of 2005) by Rand McNally. (...)

Goode (1862-1932) was especially interested in map projection and devised the Goode Interrupted Homolosine projection".

Dutch atlases (link)

Aa, Pieter van der

Allard, Carolus

Alphen, Pieter van

1691: Kaert-Boek, Waer in de XVII Nederlandse Provincie(n)

ANWB, Algemeene Nederlandsche Wielrijdersbond

1893-94: Wielrijders-atlas van Nderland (t/m 1918)

1904: Atlas van Nderland (t/m 1940, ...)

1905: Plattegronden van Steden

1917: Vijftig Plattegronden

Arnz., J.
1842: Schoolatlas van alle deelen der aarde in 21 kaarten

Baalde, S. J.

178..(?): Atlas der VII Nederlandsche Provintiën

1788: Nieuwe Natuur-, Geschied- en Handelkundige Zak- en Reisatlas

Baciene, W.A. & J. Jaeger

Atlas der Wereld in 37 kaarten

Baedeker, A.
1840: School-Atlas van alle deelen der aarde (t/m 6e editie in 1858)

1842: Kleine Hand-Atlas van de Aarde

Bakker, J.D.
1885: Schoolatlas

Barentsz, Willem
1595: Nieuwe beschryvinghe ende Caertboeck vande Midlandtsche Zee

Beekman, A. A.
1889: Schoolatlas van Nederland en zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen (9e ed. in 1929)

1889: Schoolatlas van de Geheele Aarde (8e editie in 1927)

ca. 1890: Atlas van Nederland

1892: Kleinste Atlas van Nederland

1909/12: Platen behorende bij Polders en Droogmakerijen

Belkum Azn, P. van
1909: Zak-atlas bevattende: gekleurde kaarten van alle provinciën en . . van Nederland

Bennet, R. G. and Wyk, J. van
1827: Atlas behoorende tot de Verhandeling ... de Nederlandsche . . . . . Ontdekkingen

Berendsen, A.H.W.M.

1935: Atlas behorende bij: Algemeene Aaardrijkskunde, Europa

Berg, J. van den

1875: De Geheele Aarde

Bergmans, J.

1917: Kleine Atlas van Nederland Behoorende bij de Provinciën van .... Nederland

Bettink, P. Joh.

ca. 1920: Nieuwe wereldatlas

Bijleveld, Erven J.

1920: Miniatuur-atlas der Geheele wereld in 14 Kaartjes

Blaeu, Willem, Joan & Cornelis & heirs

1649: Toneel der Steden van 's Konings Nederlanden

Blink, H.

1885: Atlas der Natuurkundige Aardrijkskunde (t/m 5e ed. 1923)

Blusse & Van Braam
1793: Atlas van omtrent 100 platte gronden

Boerman, W.E.

1939: Leopold's Wereldatlas

Bohn, F.
1820: Nieuwe en beknopte verzameling der noodigste landkaarten

1835: Nieuwe en Beknopte Hand- en Schoolatlas

Bolle, D.
1898: Touristen-zakatlas voor wielrijders en wandelaars, omvattende . . het schoonste gedeelte van Nederland

Bos, P. R. (Wolters uitgeverij)
1876: Atlas der geheele aarde

1877: Schoolatlas der Geheele Aarde (vanaf 16e ed. 1904: Niermeyer; vanaf 28e ed. 1928: Kwast; 35e, 1936 Kwast eibergen, 35e (!) 1939: Eibergen)

1878: Atlas voor de Volksschool (35e 1930)

Bos, R. (Noordhoff uitgeverij)
1893: Atlas der geheele aarde (27e 1934)

1909: Volledige Schoolatlas der Geheele aarde

Bosch, J. Van den
1817: Atlas der Overzeesche bezittingen

Bosman, H.W.
1908: Atlas van de Nederlandse bezittingen in Oost-Indië

Boswijk, D.
1893: Thieme's teeken-atlas van Nederland

Braakensiek, A.
1853: School-Atlas van alle deelen der aarde

1856: Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

1868: Atlas van Nederland

Brink, H. ten
1908: Ten Brink's zak-atlasje van Nederland (26e editie ca. 1937)

1908: Ten Brink's Touristenatlas van Nederland

1925: Ten Brink's Wegenatlas voor Nederland

Brinkman, C.l.
1852: Atlas van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

Brouwer, J.J.

1652: Caert en Stede-boexken van Nederlandt

Brugsma, F.C.
1856: Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

1865: Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen

1852: Atlas der Geheele aarde voor School en Huis

1864: atlas der Geheele Aarde (7e editie)

Bruins, F.
1877: Het Beeld der Aarde (5e ed. 1891)

1895: Atlas van Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen

1899: Goekope en Practische Atlas van Nederland (2e editie circa 1910, 3e in 1915)

Buddingh, D.
1842: Zak-Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

Bussy, J.H. de
1915: Atlas van Nederland voor kantoor, school en huis

Casparie, W.R.
1868: Atlas v.h. Koningrijk der Nederlanden en Zijne Overzeesche . . . . Bezittingen

1878: Atlas van Nederland

Cleynhens, B.
1700: Accuraat geographisch Kaart-boekje of zak-atlas

Colom, Jacob Aertsz.

....

Continental

1913: Continental Weg-atlas

1914: Continental Handboek en Atlas voor Automobilisten en ... Motorwielrijders

Covens & Mortier

1707 - 1741 Nieuwe Atlas, 3 vol.

1799: Nieuwe Zak- en reisatlas der Bataafse Republiek

Craandijk, J.
1878: Atlas van Wandelkaarten

Crajenschot, T.
1780: Atlas der 17 provintien

Danckerts, J., T., C. & D.
1680: Atlas.

Deelstra, F. See also: J.D. Bakker
1890: Kleine aardrijkskunde van Europa voor de volksschool

Desterbecq, F.
1841: Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

Doncker, Hendri(c)k
1685: Nieuw Nederlandtsch Caertboeck

Dornseiffen, I.
1861: Atlas van Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bez. (laatste editie verscheen in 1880)

Dozy, G. J.

1877: Schoolatlas der geheele aarde
Elwe & Langeveld
1785: Compleete Zak-Atlas, van de zeventien Ned. Prov.

Ennen, H.

1927: De Landen der Wereld

Falk Verlag

1926: Atlas van de Stad en de Provincie Groningen

Fehse, C.

1862: Gemeente-Atlas van de Prov. Groningen

Finantieel Weekblad voor den Fondsenhandel

1901: Atlas der Amerikaansche Spoorwegen

Frijlink, H.
1843: Frijlink's Kleine School-Atlas

1851-54: Nieuwe Hand-Atlas der Aarde

Gedda, Peter

1694: Generale en Verscheydene Speciale Pas-Kaerten

Geerling, W.J.
1859: Nieuwe Atlas voor Gymnasiën.

1872: Geerling's Nieuwe Atlas der Geheele Aarde

ca. 1882: Gemeente Atlas van Nderland

Geest, E. de

1902 Atlas van Nederland

Gelder, W. van
1881: Atlas van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië

Giorgi, de
1845: Nieuwe Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

Glaudemans, G.J.

1924: Eenvoudige Atlas der Geheele Wereld

Goeree, W.
pre 1677: Atlas ofte de geheele weerelt

Goor Zonen, G.B. van
1882: Atlas van het koninkrijk der Nederlanden

Goos, Abr.
1616: Nieuw Nederlandtsch Caertboeck

Gravius, N. T.
ca. 1770: Nieuw en Beknopt Kaart-Boekje, Vert. De XVII Ned. Prov.

Groot, J. de, etc.

1780: Nieuwe en beknopte Hand Atlas

1790: Beknopte atlas van Omtrent Honderd Plattegronden

1789: Nieuwe Kleine Hand-Atlas

1793: Nieuwe en Keurige Reis-Atlas door de XVII Nederlanden

Haaff, J.M. van 't
1840: Kaartjes van Europa en Nederland (12e editie, 1860)
1840: Kaartjes van Azie en Afrika, 4th ed.
1840: Kaartjes van Amerika en Australie, 4th ed.

"De Handelskamer", Coöperatieve Groothandelsvereniging

1939: Wereldatlas in 48 Kaarten en 51 Platen

Have, J.J. ten
1897: Volledige school-atlas (9e editie, 1931)

1912: Handelsatlas

1898: Geïllustreerde Atlas van Nderland en Oost-Indië

1891: Atlas van Nderland

1899: Atlas van Europa

Havenga, W.J.
1885: Atlas van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië

Hillebrands, A.J.
1849: Atlas van de Vereenigde Staten van Noord Amerika

Hogenberg, F.
1590: Atlas of the Netherlands
Holkema & Warendorf, Van
1898: Atlas van Nederland voor wielrijders

Holtrop, W.

1780: Pocket-Atlas of the World

1794: Zakatlas of Leidsman des Reizigers

Hondt, P. de

1745: Atlas van het Aloude Holland

Houtrijve, J. van
1839: Atlas van Noord-Nederland
1840: Atlas van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

Huberts, W.J.A.
1870: Nieuwe Geogr. Atlas der geheele aarde

Jaeger, J.
1843: Zakatlas der Nederlanden

1848: Goedkope Schoolatlas der Nederlanden

1843: Zakatlas van europa in Dertien Kaarten

1850: Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden en Zijn Bezittingen

1853: Zak-Atlas der Geheele Aarde

1854: Groote Schoolatlas

1853: Zak-Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden en het Groot-Hertogdom ... Luxemb.

Jansen, J.F.
1876: Wandatlas van Nederland

Jongensweeshuis, R.K.
1889: Geographische atlas met een handboekje, 3rd ed.

Jong(h)e, Clement de

1669: Atlas with Town Views

Keiser, U.D.
1906: Schoolatlas van Nederland

Keulen, Widow G. Hulst van
1718: Landt Atlas
ca. 1840: Nieuwe Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

Kingfabrieken Tonnema N.V.
1936: King Atlas Nederland voor school en toerisme

1936: Nieuwe Verkeersatlas van Nederland

Kloeke, W.
1901 Schoolatlas der geheele aarde

Kompas, Uitgeverij

1838: "Kompas" Toeristenatlas van Nederland

1939: Zak-kompas van Nederland

Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij
1912: The "Paketvaart" atlas of the Netherlands Indian archipelago

Kromhout J.H.
1884: Nederland in zakformaat : atlas

Kuiper, Johan

1939: Nederland en de Provinciën

1939: De landen van Europa

Kuyper, J.
1857: Atlas der Wereld

1864: Nieuwe Atlas der Wereld (15e editie: 1890)

1880: Wereld-atlas voor Kantoor en huiskamer

1865: Atlas van Nederland en de Overzeesche Bezittingen (6e editie, 1875, laatste editie: 1917)

1883: Atlas van Nederland

1865 - 1869: Gemeente Atlas van Nederland

Langenes, Barent

1598: Caert-Tresoor

1609: Hand-boeck, of Cort begrip der Caerten

Lastdrager en Lorié
1834: Tafereel der omwentelingen in Europa, in een volgreeks van kaarten

Lat, Jan de
1734: Nieuw en Beknopt Kaart-Boekje

De Leeuw en Krap
1793: Atlas van Europa

Leth, Hendrik de
1749: Nouvel Atlas geographique &historique
1700: Nieuwe astronomische, Geographische en Historische Atlas
1740: Nieuwe Geographische en Historische Atlas

1766: Atlas van de Wereld met de IV Gedeeltens

Leth, J. de

Atlas of Stedenwyzer van de XVII Prov.

Ley, L.A.E. van der
1890: Atlas van Nederland en zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen

Liefde, Johan de
1897: Atlas van Nederland en zijne bezittingen, 14 kaarten

Practische Zak-Atlas van Nederland in 12 Kaarten

Loveringh, Jacobus
1764: Zak atlas

Luchtmans, S. & J.

1804: Nieuwe en Keurige Reisatlas door de XVII Nederlanden

Maaskamp, E.
1815: Le voyageur dans les Pays-Bas Unis
1816: The travellers guide through the United Netherlands
ca. 1820: Atlas de la Hollande
1821: Nieuwe Zak-atlas voor het Koningr. d. Nederlanden

Meijer, P.
1768 Kleine atlas
1763: Atlas of the Counties of England

Moor, A. de
1921: Nieuwe wereldatlas

1923: Uitgebreide Nieuwe Wereldatlas

ca. 1930: Complete Nieuwe Wereldatlas

Mortier, David du
1800: Atlas der Bataafsche Republiek

Mulder, J.
1885: Uit en thuis, eerste atlas voor de Volksschool

Neck, D.C. van
1897: De Nederlandsche provinciën

Noorhoff, P.

1920: Zakatlas der Geheele Aarde in 52 Gekleurde Kaarten

Noordhoff, R.
ca. 1903: Geïllustreerde atlas der geheele aarde
Noothoven van Goor, D.
1860: Zak-atlas der geheele aarde

ca. 1865: Nieuwe Schoolatlas der Geheele Aarde (5e editie)

Nederlandsch Onderwijzers-Genootschap
1852/1855: Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden ...

Olveh, de

Olveh's Zakkompas voor Toerisme in Nederland

Onderwijzers Gezelschap
1874: Atlas van Nederland en Zijne Bezittingen ..., 2nd ed.

Onderwijzers Gezelschap "Bierum"
1895: Atlasje van Nederland

Oomkens, J.
1846: Goedkope schoolatlas van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

1858: oomken's Atlas der aarde

Ortt, J.R.T.
1861: Atlas van 44 kaarten ...
Os, Pieter van
1759: Nieuwe atlas
Ottens, J
1750: Atlas minor

Ottens, R. & J.

1725-1750: Nieuw en Accuraat Geographies Kaart-Boekje

1742-1745: Nieuwe en Accuraate Zakatlas van de Nederlanden

Petri, Otto
1848-51?: School-Atlas van alle deelen der aarde ...

Posthumus, N.W.

1878 (?): Atlas van Nederland en zijn Bezittingen

Prinsen, P.J.
1830: Hand- en schoolatlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden ...

Pijnappel, J.
1855: Atlas van de Nederlandsche Bezittingen in Oost-Indië ...

Ram, Johannes de

ca. 1690: Atlas

Reding, H.
1843: Atlas van het koninkrijk der Nederlanden en de overzeese . . . . . bezittingen

1846: Schoolatlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden ...

Rijkens, R.R.
1871: Schoolatlas van Nederland

Rijnenberg, J.
1871: Atlas van den Oost-Indischen Archipel ...

Rogge, H.C.
1865: Atlas ten gebruike bij het onderwijs

Rutgers, A.

ca. 1924: Rutgers' Zakatlas van Nederland voor Automobilisten ...

Santen, P. van
1870: Van Santen's Volks-Atlas van alle deelen der aarde

Schagen, G. van

ca. 1710: De Voornaamste Steden des Wereldts

Schalekamp, J.M.

ca. 1880: Atlas van Europa ...

Scheefhals, P.
1860: Schoolatlas van alle deelen der aarde

Scholtens, A.L.

1852: Atlas der Geheele aarde ... (7e editie 1870)

Sepp, J.C.
1773: Nieuwe Geographische Nederlandsche Reise- en Zak-Atlas

Seyffardt
1874: Seyffardt's nieuwste school-atlas

Sleeswijk, J.A.

1913 Sleeswijk's atlas van Nederland
1925 Sleeswijk's atlas van Nederland
1927 Sleeswijk's atlas van Nederland
ca. 1930: Sleeswijk's atlas van Nederland
ca. 1933: Sleeswijk's atlas van Nederland
ca. 1935: Sleeswijk's atlas van Nederland

ca. 1932: Sleeswijk's atlas der geheele aarde
1935: Sleeswijk's atlas der geheele aarde

Smulders &Co., J.
1866: Kaarten der Provinciën van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden ...

1876: Kaarten der Topographische Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

1868: Topografische Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

ca. 1939: Smulders' Kompas van Nederland

Stelwagen, A.W.

1879: Nederland en Zijne Oostindische Bezittingen

Stemfoort, J.W.
1883-85: Atlas der Nederlandsche bezittingen in Oost- Indië

Stoomvaart Maatschappij "Nederland", N.V.

1924: Travel Guide of the "Nederland" Royal Mail Line

Tirion, Isaac
< 1740: Nieuwe en beknopte Handatlas

1744: Nieuwe Hand-Atlas

1757: Atlas van de XII Nederlandsche Provintien

1750: Kaartboek der Zeeven Vereenigde Nederlanden

Topographisch Bureau

1868: Topographische Atlas

Topografische Inrichting
1889: Atlas van het Koningrijk der Nederlanden

Vander Maelen, Ph.
1840: Nieuwen Atlas van het Koningrijk Der Nederlanden ...

Ven, J.F. van de

1922: J.F. van de Ven's Practische Zak-Atlas van Nederland

Veth, P.J.
1878: Atlas der geheele aarde

1880: Atlas van Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen

Vieth, G.U.A.

1819: Atlas der Oude Wereld in 12 Gekleurde Kaarten

1825: ... 13 Kaarten

1830: ... 14 Kaarten

Vleck, H.
ca. 1865: Schoolatlas van alle deelen der aarde

Voltele, J.

1878: Goedkope Schoolatlas der Geheele Aarde

1870: Zak-Atlas der Geheele Aarde

1876: Atlas van Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen ...

1891: Zakatlas van Nederland

Weege, David

1753: Kleyne en Beknopte Atlas

1753: Geographisch Toneel of Uitgezochte Kaarten

Westerling, H.J.
1892: Kleine atlas der aarde

Weygand, F.J.

1832: Nieuwe Handatlas ten Dienste der Scholen ...

1832: World Atlas

Wijdeveld, W.A.

1931: De Wereld Door

1933: Ons Werelddeel

Wijk RoelandsZn., J. van
1847?: Atlas van Europa ...
1851?: Atlas der geheele aarde

1840: Verzameling van Kaarten ...

Wit, Frederick de
1670?: Atlas

1680: Nieut Kaert-Boeck

1690: Nieut Kaert-Boeck van de XVII Nederlandse Provincie

Witkamp, P. H.
1866-1868: Kaarten der Provinciën van het Koningrijk ...
1869: Volksatlas van Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen ...

1865: Campagne's Atlas der geheele aarde

1876: Schoolatlas van Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen (4e editie: 1897: P.H. Witkamp's Schoolatlas van Nederland en Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen
1887: Campagne's Atlas der geheele aarde, 2nd ed.

Zeegers, W.

1872: Atlas van het Koningrijk ... Zijne Overzeesche Bezittingen

Zeeman, K.

1922: Zakatlas der Geheele Aarde in 52 Gekleurde Kaarten

Timelines:

North America

U.S.A.

1607: Virginia start at Jamestown and later covers the territory between the 34th and 45th northern parallels; it became a crown colony in 1634;

Kentucky and the North West Territory were ceded to the U.S. in 1783.

1620: the Province of Massachusetts Bay included today's Massachusset,s parts of New Hampshire (until 1679), Vermont (until 1741) & Maine (until 1820)

1614-1664 Nieuw Nederland / Nieuw Amsterdam, the colony covering today's New York; it also included New Jersey since 1627 until 1664,

in which year New York and New Jersey received separate Royal Charters

1634: Maryland (a northern part of Virginia) became a Crown Colony and got its own Royal Charter in 1688

1635: Connecticut, founded by settlers from Massachussets; it comprised "the Commonwealth of New Haven"

and the colony of Connecticut (aka Hartford), and adopted a charter stating its independent status and received a Royal Charter in 1662

1636: Rhode Island received its Royal Charter. The colony was founded by settlers from Massachusetts

1638: New Sweden (today's Delaware, first settled by the Dutch in 1609),

became part of New York in 1664, then of Pennsylvania in 1682, and a seperate territory in 1775

1663: Carolina (today's North and South Carolina + Tennessee + all lands west of it) received a Royal Charter;

it remained united until 1729 although there had been separate governments since 1690;

and the name of South Carolina first appeard in 1696 (See King's Handbook of the United States)

1664: New York & New Jersey established as a crown colony from Nieuw Amsterdam/ Nieuw Holland

1681: Pennsylvania received Royal Charter for land north of Maryland, and west of Delaware River,

added to by lands bought from New Jersey, and subsequently, from 1682 to 1784 expanded by purchases from Indians

1729: North Carolina (first called Albemarle) separated from South Carolina; it included today's Tennessee until 1790

1732: Georgia is founded as the 13th and last British colony in North America and included today's states of Alabama and Mississippi until 1798

(then called Mississippi Territory)

1775: Delaware Territory (it was previously part of Pennsylvania, but had had its own assembly since 1702)

1776-1783: War of Independence (see external link), 13 states:

New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia;

Under the Treaty of Versailles, the territory between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi was ceded to the United States

(this area had been ceded by France to Britain in 1763);

Canada, the American North-West , and Nova Scotia remained British

many pro-British loyalists flee to Canada

1783: Kentucky and the North West Territory were ceded by Virginia to the U.S.; Kentucky had been a county of Virginia since 1776 and became a state in 1792;

the North-West Territory covered the area between Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi,

comprising today's Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota

1790: Tennessee is ceded by North Carolina as a Territory

1790-1800: Philadelphia is the temporary capital city of the United States (until the completion of the new city of Washington D.C., west of Georgetown)

1792: Kentucky state

1796: Tennessee state

1798: Mississippi Territory, previously part of Georgia , comprising today's Alabama and Mississippi

1800: Ohio Territory (included today's Ohio + eastern Michigan) + Indiana Territory

(including all of the area remaining of the North West Territory east of the Mississippi)

1803: Louisiana purchase (including today's Louisiana, Missouri , Arkansas, Iowa, (western) Minnesota,

North & South Dakota, Nebraska, (most of) Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming)

1803: Ohio state (since 1800: Ohio Territory)

1805: Michigan Territory (see Morse's Atlas)

1810-1812: Western Florida annexed (stretching west to the Mississippi River)

1812: War with France / Napoleon (since 1806 the U.S. had become increasingly caught up in the war between France and Britain; the war ended in 1815)

1812 : Louisiana becomes a state

1816: Indiana state (since 1800: Indiana Territory)

1817: Mississippi state & Alabama Territory (formed out of Mississippi Territory, which had been ceded by Georgia in 1798); it also comprised part of West Florida.

1818: Illinois state (see Morse's Atlas)

1818: Oregon country jointly ruled by U.S. and Britain (= today's Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Wyoming and Montana)

1819: Florida ceded by Spain (at $5 million; it became a U.S. territoty in 1822, and a state in 1845);

Spain also agrees to a definite border with the U.S. west of the Rockies along the 42nd parallel;

Alabama gains statehood; Arkansas becomes a Territory (see Morse's Atlas: Arkansaw Territory)

1820: Maine separated from Massachusetts (since 1691 joined in the Province of Massachusetts Bay).

1821: Missouri state (see Morse's Atlas) (since 1812: Missouri Territory); the Missouri compromise of 1820 determined that,

north of the 36°.30' parallel up to the 100th meridian, slavery was not permitted, except in Missouri.

1822: Florida Territory

1829: Indian Territory, until 1889 (not separately delineated, but shown as part of Arkansas in Ewing's Atlas, but see Geography 15th ed.?)

1836: Toledo region annexed by Ohio form Michigan

1836: Arkansas state (in Ewing's Atlas it comprises Indian Territory, but check Geography, 15th ed.)

1836: Texas is a separate Republic (not in Ewing's Atlas, but check Geography 15th ed.)

1837: Michigan state (see Ewing's Atlas + Geography, 15th ed.; still called Michigan Territory in Morse's Atlas)

1842: Maine-New Brunswick boundary settled

1845: Florida state

1845: Texas annexed as a state by the U.S.

1846-1848: Mexican War

1846: The boundary between British Columbia and Oregon is fixed at the 49° northern parallel;

Oregon country annexed by U.S. (comprising today's Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Wyoming and Montana)

1846: Iowa state (still part of Northwest Territory in Ewing's Atlas)

1847: Wisconsin state (still part of Northwest Territory in Ewing's Atlas)

1848: Annexation (from Mexico) of territory north of Gila River (covering today's California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, & half of Wyoming)

1850: expansion of Texas

1850: California state

1850: Utah Territory (including today's Nevada), New Mexico Territory

1853: Gasden Purchase: strip of land south of Gila River was added to New Mexico Territory

1854: Nebraska Territory + Kansas Territory (including the part of today's Colorado that lies east of the Rocky Mountains)

1857: Minnesota state

1859: Oregon state

1861-1865: Civil War

1861: Kansas state

1861: Utah state + Nevada Territory

1861: Dakota Territory (including today's North and South Dakota + Wyoming, see Johnson's Atlas 1866; Mitchell spells "Dacotah")

1863: West Virginia state (remained in the Union during the Civil War)

1863: Arizona Territory + Idaho Territory

1864: Nevada state

1865: Colorado Territory

1867: Nebraska state (since 1854: Nebraska Territory)

1867: Alaska acquired from Russia

1868: Wyoming Territory (not in Johnson's 1866 atlas, but see Mitchell's Atlas 1878)

1869: Central and Union Pacific Railroad is completed (transcontinental railroad from ocean to ocean)

1876: Colorado state (since 1865: Colorado Territory)

1889: North & South Dakota become states (since 1861: Dakota Territory) + Washington state + Montana state

1890: Wyoming state (since 1868: Wyoming Territory, not in Johnson's 1866 atlas, but see Mitchell's Atlas 1878)

1898: Hawaii is acquired

1912: Alaska becomes a Territory

1959: Alaska state + Hawaii state

Canada

1608: Québec ("New France") first settlement

1632 and after: settlements along St Lawrence River ("Canada") and "Acadia" (today's Nova Scotia, New Brunswich and parts of Québec)

1663: "New France" officially declared a royal province

1670 and after: British compete with French fur trading: Hudson Bay Co.

1763: all colonies become British following the Paris peace treaty (after the Anglo-French war, the French ceased to be a direct threat,

American colonies became less dependent on Britain for their protection, and gradually wanted to become more independent)

1774: southward expansion of the British colony of Quebéc (comprising today's Québec and Ontario) to the Mississippi River and the Ohio River

1783: Treaty of Versailles (after U.S. War of Independence) established

the boundary with the USA to the east along the St Lawrence River through the Great Lakes and westward to the Lake of the Woods

(in 1817 the boundary is extended west along the 49° parallel up to the Rocky Mountains, and in 1846 up to the Pacific)

1791: the British government passes the "Canada Act" by which the old province of Québec is divided into

"Upper Canada" (= today's Ontario) and "Lower Canada" (= today's Québec);

these names, or the term "the Canadas", are used until 1841

(e.g. in Jedidiah Morse's New Universal Atlas of 1822 there is a map of "the two Canadas and adjoining British Provinces",

and in Ewing's New General Atlas of 1839 the North-America map refers to "Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and the British Possessions"

and on the United States map the area north of it is designated as simply "Canada");

large-scale migration to "Upper Canada" of British Loyalists from the USA following the U.S. War of Independence;

Canada becomes a predominantly English-speaking country;

from 1793 the eastern townships of Quebéc were formed by the new English-speaking settlers

1818: boundary between the USA and Canada is fixed at the 49-degree northern parallel (Rush-Baggot Agreement)

1841: Upper Canada and Lower Canada are united in the British colony of "Canada": one government

1842: boundary between New Brunswick and Maine is settled (Webster-Ashburton Treaty)

1846: boundary between British Columbia and Oregon is fixed at the 49° northern parallel

1849: Vancouver Island becomes a Crown colony

1863: first railroad in Canada

1867: "Dominion of Canada", (established under the British North American Act); comprising Québec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

1869: North-west Territories (i.e. the Hudson Bay Co. territory) is acquired from the Hudson Bay Co. by the confederation of Canada

1870: Manitoba becomes a new Province (by 1867 the settlement of Fort Garry, later called Winnipeg, had grown rapidly to a settlement of 12,000 people)

1871: British Columbia is united with Vancouver Island and together they join the confederation; the Dominion of Canada now stretches from coast to coast

1873: Prince Edward Islands joins the confederation (new province)

1884: New Brunswick becomes a separate province

1885: Canadian Pacific Railway is completed

1898: Yukon Territory (formerly: Yukon district) is established following the Klondyke goldrush; the precise frontier with Alaska is agreed on in 1903

1905: Saskatchewan & Alberta join the confederation (provinces)

1931: Canada becomes an independent member of the British Commonwealth (and remains a constitutional monarchy)

1949: Newfoundland becomes 10th Province of the Canadia Federation

Central & South America

1804: Haïti

1811: Paraguay

1816: Argentinië

1818: Chili

1821: Mexico independent (see external link)

1822: Brazilië

1824: Peru

1825: Bolivia

1830: Colombia, Equador, Venezuela

1833: Falklanden van Groot-Brittannië (tot 1811 van Spanje, daarna opgeëist door Argentinië)

1838: Honduras, Guatamala, Nicaragua

1844: Dominicaanse Republiek afgescheiden van Haïti

1843-1903: Chilean & Argentinian conquest of Patagonia (1843: Chileense expeditie naar Straat van Magelhaes, vestiging van Fuerte Bulnes)

1881: boundary treaty Argentina / Chili

1902: grens tussen Chili en Argentinië officieel vastgesteld door bemiddeling van Groot Brittannië (enkele stukken bleven omstreden)

1914: voltooiing van het Panamakanaal

Europe (for 1755-1823, see external link)

1648: Vrede van Münster, einde van de oorlog die in Nederland bekend staat als de "Tachtigjarige Oorlog" en in o.a. Engeland als "Dertigjarige Oorlog"

1697: einde Negenjarige Oorlog (m.b.t. Nederland)

1714: Einde van Spaanse Successieoorlog (1701-1714)

de oorlog mondde uit in het Verdrag van Utrecht in 1713, en het Verdrag van Rastatt in 1714,

die het einde inluidden van de Spaanse hegemonie op Europese Continent, noordelijk Italië en de zuidelijke Nederlanden gingen van

Spaanse in Oostenrijkse handen over, de koloniale macht van Groot-Brittannië nam verder toe ten koste van Frankrijk,

o.a. in het Canadese deel van Noord-Amerika, waar de oorlog bekend stond als Queen Anne's War, ofwel de Eerste Franse en Indiaanse Oorlog

[de 2e was de 7-Jarige Oorlog]; wiikipedia link)

1748: Vrede van Aaken, einde Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog (1740-1748), in Noord-Amerika bekend als King George's War

De Oorlog werd gevochten door Oostenrijk (gesteund door Groot-Brittannië en de Nederlandse Republiek) aan de ene kant,

en Pruisen en Frankrijk op de aan de andere kant.

Ook Noord-Italië was betrokken doordat het weer onder Spaans gezag kwam.

1762/63: Einde van de Zevenjarige Oorlog; in Noord-Amerika bekend als de (Tweede) Franse en Indiaanse Oorlog

in eerste instantie een koloniale en handelsoorlog tussen enerzijds Groot-Brittannië, met Pruisen als bondgenoot,

en Frankrijk en Spanje anderszijds, met Oostenrijk als bondgenoot.

Het Verdrag van Parijs in 1763 regelde de nieuwe koloniale realiteit waarbij o.a. Florida door Spanje aan de Britten werd overgedragen,

en Louisiana van Franse in Spaanse handen overging.

Het Verdrag van Hubertusburg van 1763 regelde de nieuwe Europese werkelijkheid waarbij Pruisen verder aan macht won ten koste van Oostenrijk.

1815: Congress of Vienna:

German confederation of 38 states, with only part the western part of Prussia

(including the states of Pommeria & Brandenburg, and also with Westphalia and a large part of the Rhineland added to Prussia)

only part of Austria was added/retained (only the German parts & Bohemia)

Austria (+ Hungary) lost the southern part of the Netherlands (Belgium) to Holland, it also lost part of Poland to Russia

Austria got Lombardy + Venice (tot respectievelijk 1859 en 1866)

1830: Greece becomes independent from Ottoman Empire

1831: Belgium becomes independent state

1859: Lombardije (voorheen deel van het Oostenrijks-Hongaarse Rijk) geannexeerd door Koninkrijk van Sardinië & Piedmonte (Cantour),

en wordt deel van Italiaanse confederatie

1860: Toscane geannexeerd, als onderdeel van de Italiaanse "confederatie"

1861: Italian unification (without Venice & Papal States)

1864: Ionian islands under Greek rule; Pruisische oorlog tegen Denemarken > Sleeswijk valt toe aan de Duitse confederatie

1866: Venetië (voorheen deel van het Oostenrijks-Hongaarse Rijk) geannexeerd door Italiaanse confederatie (onder Cantour)

1866/1867: Northern Germany: confederation under Bismarck of states north of the River Main, excluding Austria, Bavaria, Würtemberg, Baden

1870: westelijk gedeelte van de pauselijke staten onderdeel de Italiaanse eenheidsstaat (het oostelijk deel was al in 1860 geannexeerd)

1871: German Empire under Bismarck after Franco- German war of 1870-71 + Alsace, Lotharingen + Southern German States (Bavaria, etc) +

Prussian expansion along the entire Baltic coast up to Konigsberg (incl. northern Poland)

1878: Congress of Berlin: independence from Ottoman Empire of Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, and Bulgaria

Bosnia-Herzegovina is added to Austria (for Ottoman Empire, see external link)

1908: Bosnia Herzegovina annexed by Austria

1917: Finland

1917-1920: Ukraine

1918-1921: Georgia

1918-1920: Azerbaijan

1918-1920: Armenia

1918: Polish corridor to Baltic Sea (from Germany/Prussia)

1919: Treaty of Versailles, end of Austro-Hungarian empire:

independence of Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Bosnia Herzegovina, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,

part of Macedonia + Romania acquires extra territory in the west (Transylvania);

also Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania independent from Russia

1919: Saarland under League of Nations, Rhineland under armed occupation

1922: Irish Free State

1932-1938: Catalonia autonomous

1935: Saarland incorporated by Germany

1936: Rhineland remilitarized

1936-1937: Basque Republic autonomous

1938: Sudetenland (northern part of Czecholslovakia) annexed by Germany

1939: Bohemia (in Czechoslovakia) + Memel (in Lithuania) annexed by Germany

1990: German unification

1991: former Soviet republics independent (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldavia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Russian federation, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan)

Netherlands: nieuwe grenzen, dijken, polders, wegen, spoorlijnen, tramlijnen, kanalen (link)

ca. 50 na Chr.: Kanaal van Corbulo ("Fossa Corbulonis" van de Oude Rijn bij Leiden naar de Maas bij Naaldwijk)

1014: doorbraak van de waarschijnlijk tot dan toe gesloten (wadden)kustlijn a.g.v. St. Julianavloed

1127: aanleg Vaartsche Rijn (= Rechte Rijn)

1164: ontstaan van het eiland Marken, het dorpje Wijberga verzwolgen

1170: ontstaan van het Mardiep tussen Texel en Huisduinen a.g.v. de 1e allerheiligenvloed

1226: het stadje Grind / Gryn met grachten en wallen omgeven (weggespoeld in 1287)

1257-1266: inpoldering bij 't Zandt (provincie Groningen)

1280: Poldervaart (verbinding Schie - Merwede)

1285: Dooslag (kanaal tussen het Merwedekanaal en de Hollandse IJssel)

1287: Ontstaan van de Zuiderzee (ofwel aanmerkelijke verbreding van het Vlie / Flevomeer), forse vergroting van de Dollard a.g.v. St-Luciavloed

Stadje Grind (Gryn) op een eilandje tussen Harlingen en Terschelling verzwolgen > ontstaan van een onbewoonbare grone plaat

1343: kanaal Overschie - Rotterdam

1346: Oudeland van Strijen ingedijkt (in tegenwoordige Hoekse Waard)

1357: indijking van de St. Anthonypolder (in 1421 tijdelijk weer ondergelopen)

1362: Mastenbroek ingepolderd (voltooiing van de ringdijk, ten westen van het Zwarte Water)

1381: bedijking van de Zwijndrechtse Waard (Zuid Holland)

1389: kanaal Delft - Merwede

1400: afdamming van Purmer Ee bij Monnikedam

1404: de plaatsjes Hughevliet, Oud-IJzendijke & Oostmanskapelle (in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen) verzwolgen a.g.v. 1e St-Elisabethsvloed

1421: ontstaan van de Biesbosch a.g.v. de grote overstroming in dat jaar

1438: Oudeland van Mijnsheerenland; Munnikenland van Westmaas (in tegenwoordige Hoekse Waard)

1471: Oude Koorndijksche Polder; Oud-Bonaventurapolder

1473: indijking van De Goote: ontstaan van de polder Nieuwe Goote

1507: vaart van Leeuwarden naar Franeker (nieuwe ontsluiting na het verdwijnen van de Middelzee)

1509: Oud-Stavenisse verzwolgen

1508: indijking van Oude Biltpolder (Friesland, i/d voormalige Middelzee)

1530: verdronken Land van Zuid-Beveland: 18 dorpen verzwolgen a.g.v. de Sint-Felixvloed

1532: Reimerswaal & St.Philipsland verzwolgen

1552: het eiland Bath in Zuid-Beveland onder water verdwenen (opnieuw ingepolderd in 1773)

1570: Verdronken Land van Saeftinghe (nu in Westerschelde) a.g.v. de Allerheiligenvloed; in 1584 werden laatste dijken doorgestoken in de 80-Jarige Oorlog

1597: begin bedijking om de Dollard

1597/1598: bedijking van de Zijpe, inpoldering

1599: Kanaal van St. Andries (Schanse Gat)

1600: Nieuwe Biltpolder (Friesland, i/d voormalige Middelzee)

1602: Nieuwe Vecht (verbinding van Zwolle met de Vecht)

1606: Dordse Kil gegraven

1610: aanleg Zanddijk (= Statendijk): verbinding tussen het voormalig eiland Huisduinen en Callantsoog; drooglegging Wieringerwaard

1612: De Beemster drooglegging

1614: Zoetmeerse Meer polder

1622: Purmer drooglegging, Wijdewormer drooglegging

1625: Boterdiep (Groningen - Bedum)

1626: Wijde Wormer drooglegging

1627: Bijlmermeer drooglegging (1e keer, opnieuw overstroomd in 1702); voltooiing Hoogeveenschevaart (tussen Meppelerdiep en Zwartemeer)

1629: Watergraafsmeer drooglegging; Diemermeer (= Watergraafsmeer) idem

1631: Heerhugowaard ingepolderd; Haarlemmertrekvaart voltooid; Hoogeveensche Vaart ontstaan uit Echtinger Diep, doorgetrokken tot de venen bij Hoogeveen

1633: Reitdiep gekanaliseerd (rechtgetrokken & sindsdien doorsneed het Garnwerd)

1635: Schermer ingepolderd

1636: Winschoterdiep

1637: begin aanleg kanaal van Zuidbroek naar Muntendam (Prov. Groningen)

1643: Starnmeer ingepolderd

1657: Trekvaart Haarlem - Leiden

1660: Boterdiep verlengd tot Kantens; aanleg straatweg Hoorn - Enkhuizen (volgens J. van Lennep)

1664: aanleg Scheveningse Weg door de duinen (bestraat; volgens plan van Constantijn Huygens)

1682: straatweg Den Haag - Delft

1702: overstroming Bijlmermeer (1e drooglegging in 1622, opnieuw drooggelegd in 1816)

1706: Pannerdensche Kanaal (op de splitsing van Rijn en Waal bij het plaatsje Pannerden)

1715: Oude Biltpollen (Friesland, i/d voormalige Middelzee)

1729: Dokkumerdiep afgedamd in de monding (Friesland, i/d voormalige Middelzee)

1751: samenvoeging van Goederee (= Goeree) en Overflakkee (a.g.v. afdamming van de Scharrenzee en De Hals)

1754: Noorderleeg ingepolderd (Friesland, i/d voormalige Middelzee)

1765: Drentsche Hoofdvaart (Meppel-Assen)

1767 (circa:): Smildervaart (vanaf Meppel, in 1774 doorgetrokken tot Assen)

1770 / 1806: Midhuisterpolder (Groningen)

1773: nieuwe inpoldering van het eiland Bath in Zuid-Beveland (was verzwolgen in 1552)

1774: Smildervaart doorgetrokken tot Assen

1801: Zevenboerenpolder (Groningen)

1806: Horhuister- of Zesboeren-Polder (Groningen)

1809: Pokummerpolder (Groningen)

1811: Noordpolder (tussen Usquert & Uithuizen); ontstaan van Zaandam door samenvoeging van Oost- en West-Zaandam (door Napoleon)

1815: Ikemapolder (Groningen)

1816: Bijlmermeer opnieuw drooggelegd

1820 : Willemsvaart (tussen Zwolle en de IJsel) (Van Lennep noemt het jaar 1822)

1824: Noordhollandskanaal (1825?)

1825: Keulse Vaart (Amsterdam-Utrecht-Vreeswijk)

1826: Zuid-Willemsvaart (Maastricht - Den Bosch)

1827: Uithuizerpolder (Groningen)

1829: Apeldoornskanaal; Kanaal van Voorne (tussen Rotterdam en Hellevoetsluis, Zuid Holland)

1837/38: Pantserpolder, Torringa-Polder

1838/1856/1864: drooglegging van de 3 Mijdrechtse polders

1839: spoorlijn Haarlem-Amsterdam

1840: Zuidplaspolder voltooid; opsplitising van Noord- en Zuid-Holland (gescheiden door het IJ; voorheen: Hollands Noorder- en Zuider-Kwartier)

1841: drooglegging Oostpolder (Groningen)

1843: spoorlijn: Amsterdam - Utrecht; drooglegging van de Waard en Groetpolder

1846: Anna Paulownapolder (in de Gids voor Reizigers van P.H. Witkamp, 1847, is de dijk met een rode lijn ingetekend); Eindhovenskanaal aangelegd

1852: Haarlemmermeer (in de Gids voor Reizigers door Nederland van P.H. Witkamp, 1847, staat alles nog onder water)

1853: spoorlijn Aken - Maastricht; voltooiing van het Groote Overijselsche Kanaal (van Zwolle naar Twente)

1854: spoorlijn Antwerpen-Roosendaal

1855: Overijssels Kanaal (Zwolle - Almelo), Oranje-Kanaal (Drenthe)

1856: spoorverlenging Utrecht - Arnhem - Duitsland; kanaal (aftakking) Vroomshoop - De Haandrik

1858: kanaal Lemelerveld - Deventer

1861: Noord-Willemskanaal (Amsterdam-IJmuiden); Oranjekanaal (tussen Drentsche Hoofdvaart en Klazienaveen)

1863: spoorlijn Utrecht - Amersfoort; Harlingen - Leeuwarden

1864: spoorlijn Amersfoort - Zwolle

1865: spoorlijnen Zwolle - Kampen, Arnhem - Zutphen, Zutphen - Hengelo; Tilburg - Boxtel; Venlo - Maastricht; Den Helder - Alkmaar; Almelo - Salzbergen

1866: spoorlijnen Deventer- Zwolle; Leeuwarden - Groningen; Hengelo - Enschede; Boxtel - Eindhoven - Venlo; Viersen - Venlo, Breda - Moerdijk;

begin aanleg Nieuw Waterweg (zeeverbinding naar Rotterdam)

1867: spoorlijnen Zwolle - Meppel; Alkmaar - Uitgeest

1868: spoorlijnen Meppel - Heerenveen - L'warden; Winschoten - N'schans; Enschede - Glanerbeek; Bergen-op-Zoom - Goes; Den Bosch - Boxtel; Urecht - Waardenburg

1869: Waardenburg -- Hedel; Uitgeest - Zaandam

1870: spoorlijn Meppel - Groningen; Hedel - Den Bosch

1872: dam naar Ameland (tot 1882); spoorlijn Lage Zwaluwe - Rotterdam; Nieuwe Waterweg (Rotterdam naar zee); Negenboerenpolder (Groningen)

1873: spoorlijn Goes - Vlissingen; Kanaal van Walcheren (scheepvaartverbinding met Middelburg)

1874: Prins Alexanderpolder voltooid

1875: spoorlijn Nieuweschans - grens, spoorlijn Glanerbrug - Gronou; drooglegging Westpolder (Groningen)

1876: spoorlijn Lage Zwaluwe - Zevenbergen; Eemskanaal; Noordzeekanaal (Amsterdam-IJmuiden); IJpolders voltooid (sinds 1865); Eemspolder (Groningen);

afdamming Reitdiep bij Zoutkamp (voordien was er een open verbinding van Groningen met de zee)

1877/1881: Legmeerplassen drooggelegd

1878: spoorlijn Zaandam - Amsterdam

1880: paardentram Dokkum - Veenwouden

1881: verlenging tramlijn Dokkum naar Bergumerdam; tramlijn Haarlem - Leiden

1884: Stieltjeskanaal (Coevorden - Hoogeveensevaart)

1886: Kanaal Almelo - Denekamp; tramlijn Dedemsvaart - Avereest

1892: Merwedekanaal (verbinding t.b.v. Amsterdam tussen de Lek en de Merwede bij Gorinchem)

1893: Lauwerspolder (Groningen)

1895: tramlijn Dedemsvaart - Zwolle

1896: verlenging tramlijn van Dokkum naar Suameer

1897: tramlijn Lutten - Coevorden

1899: tramlijn Coevorden - Amsterdamscheveld - Nieuw-Amsterdam

1902: verlenging kanaal Denekamp - Nordhorn; tramlijn Nieuw-Amsterdam - Erica

1904: tramlijn Erica - Klazienaveen

1905: tramlijn Slagharen - Hoogeveen

1907: tramlijn Klazienaveen - Emmer-compascuum - Ter Apel

1910: eerste tramlijn in stad Groningen

1913: tramlijn Groningen-Drachten

1920: Isabellakanaal (ten noorden van Boekhoute; verbinding met het Belgische Leopoldkanaal)

1921: tramlijn Groningen - De Punt

1923: Wihelminakanaal (tussen Amer bij Geertruidenberg en Zuid-Willemsvaart, Noord Brabant, bij Biesbosch)

1924: aansluiting van het eiland Wieringen met vasteland

1927: proefpolder Andijk (in Zuiderzee); voltooiing Maas-Waalkanaal (begonnen in 1920) ; eerste trolleybus in Nederland (Groningen, Grote Markt - Kraneweg)

1929: Kanaal Wessem - Nederweert (in Limburg, vanaf de maas ten westen van Roermond naar de Willemsvaart)

1930: Wieringermeer drooggelegd; werkzaamheden begonnen in 1927; de Wieringermeerdijk werd op 29 juli 1929 gesloten

1932: Afsluitdijk voltooid (de aanleg begon in 1927)

1934: Julianakanaal

1936: Gouwekanaal

1938: Noorderkanaal (Rotterdam), Twentekanaal (tussen Almelo/Enschede en de IJssel), Van Starkenborghkanaal

1940: Beatrixkanaal

1942: Noordoostpolder ("Urkerland" genaamd in de Kleine Bosatlas van 1846)

1951: Prinses Margrietkanaal

1957: Oostelijk Flevoland voltooid

1968: Zuidelijk Flevoland voltooid

1975: Schelde-Rijnkanaal

Middle East

1917: Palestine (today's Israel and Jordan) under British occupation, after Ottoman rule

1918: Yemen independent

1918-1920: Syria (including today's Lebanon) occupied by Britain, after Ottoman rule

1920: Syria (including today's Lebanon) under French mandate

1920: Palestine (today's Israel and Jordan) under British mandate

1926: Saudi Arabia much as it is in today (expanding e.g. in 1913 by annexation of El Hasa)

1943: Lebanon (formerly together with Syria under British

1946: Jordan (formerly called Transjordan, since 1923 under British rule as part of Palestine)

1946: Syria

1948: Israel

1961: Kuwait

1967: People's Republic of Yemen (formerly Aden, since 1886 annexed by Britain)

1967: Sinai + Golan to Israel

1971: United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Quatar

1982: Sinai to Egypt

Africa (see external link)

1651: Jan van Riebeek founds a settlement on Cape of Good Hope (a fort at Table Bay)

1680: Stellenbosch was founded (by Commander Simon van der Stel (his wife's maiden name was Bosch)

1689 (approx.): Bay of Natal is purchased from the natives

1684: the farm of Constantia founded near Wijnberg

1685: after the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in this year, French Hugenots settled mainly in Draeknsein and French Hoek

1795: British rule over the Cape Colony during the Napoleonic wars

1802: Cape Colony restored to the Dutch (decided at the Peace of Amiens)

1803: cape of Good Hope again part of the Batavian Republic (Holland)

1806: Cape Colony under British rule

1811: the frontier fort of Grahamstown was founded after the first Kaffir War.

1814: Cape of Good Hope under British rule

1815: Cape of Good Hope is formally ratified as a British possession after £6 million was paid to the Netherlands (including Demarara, Essequibo & Barbica)

1819: extension of the Cape Colony to the river Keiskamma (after the 2nd Kaffir War)

1834: the Great Trek accross Orange River istarts and will lead to settlement of the Orange Free State

1835: the boundaries of the Cape Colony are retropgaded from the Kei River to Fish River (after the 3rd Kaffir War)

1836-1838: Great Trek of Boers to present-day Transvaal, Orange Free State, and Natal

1839: town of Potschefstroom founded (capital of Transvaal until 1863)

1840: Dutch Republic of Natalia founded on the shores of the Bay of Natal (not recognized by the British)

1843: Natal is proclaimed a British colony

1846: Bloemfontein founded

1848: British holds sovereignty over the area north of Orange River until 1854 (when the Orange Free State became an independent Boer State again)

1852: Transvaal independent

1854: Orange Free State independent again as a free Boer state

1855: discovery of Victoria Falls (by Dr. Livingstone); around this date members of the disbanded German legion after the Crimean War settled in Kaffir territory

1857: first railway in the Cape Colony is planned to the town of Wellington

1859: discovery of Lake Nyasa (today's Malawi) by Dr. Livingstone

1860: Transvaal (= South African Republic) is formed from the three republics Potschefstroom, Lydenburg, Utrecht.

1862: Speke & Grant passed through Uganda

1863: Pretoria becomes capital of Transvaal (previous capital was Potschefstroom)

1865: British Kaffraria is incorporated into the Cape Colony

1868: Basutoland becomes British territory

1875: Stanley passed through Uganda

1877: Transvaal annexed by the British (after discovery of diamonds on the Vaal River in 1867, and ensuing war & strife with the natives and the Boers)

1880: 1st Boer War, restoration of South African Republic

1881: South African Republic, independent of Transvaal again

1883: German protectorate north of Orange River (Walfish Bay remained British)

1884: Protectorate of German South-West Africa; Basutoland disannexed from the cape Colony (1883?)

1885: British Protectorate of Bechuanaland; annexation by the British Cape Colony ofthe territory between the Colony and Natal

1886: Rand Gold Fields opened

1887: British annexation of Zululand

1889: Eritrea under Italian rule

1890: British rule over Uganda

1891: boundaries of Nyasaland Protectorate were demarcated (present-day Malawi)

1893: Caprivi Strip ceded to Germany by Great Britain, and added to South-West Africa as an outlet to the Zambezi

1898: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium); Kruger Park ("Sabi Game Reserve") founded in Transvaal (opened to the public in 1928)

1899-1902: 2nd Boer War

1902: Uganda Railway, part of Uganda became part of British East Africa

1910: Union of South Africa

1918: Ruanda & Urundi separated from Tanganyika Territory

1920: South-west Africa came under South african administration (formerly German)

1922: Brits mandaat over Tanganyika (het latere Tanzania)

1923: Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe) decides on separate status from the Union of South Africa

1938: Italian control over Ethiopia

1941: Ethiopia (formerly Abessinia)

1951: Libya (since 1911 under Italian rule: Tripolitania, fezzan, Cyrenaica)

1953: Federation of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia & Nyasaland

1954: Egypt (British presence since 1882, and British protectorate from 1914 to 1954)

1956: Morocco independent from Spain

1956: Tunesia independent from France (since 1881 under French rule)

1960: Mauritania independent

1960: Somalia independent

1961: Republic of South Africa (outside the Commonwealth); Tanganyika onafhankelijk

1962: Algeria independent from France

1963: Kenya independent from Britain (12 dec.)

1964: Nyasaland independent (Malawi), Northern Rhodesia independent (Zambia), Tanzania independent from Britain

1965: (Southern) Rhodesia unilaterally declared independent from Britain (since 1980: Zimbabwe); Tanganyika heet nu de United Republic of Tanzania

1966: Malawi becomes a Republic within the Commonwealth

1967: Botswana becomes an independent Republic within the Commonwealth (formerly: Bechuanaland)

1975: Angola independent from Portugal

1975: Mozambique independent from Portugal

Asia

1802: Ceylon wordt door Nederland afgestaan aan Engeland (tijdens Vrede van Amiens)

1826: Assam & Arakan (eastern India) added to British rule in India

1842: Hong Kong: British rule

1843: Sind (in western part of India) under British rule

1847-1856: annexation of autonomous dependencies in India

1849: Punjab under British rule

1853: northern part of Sakalin islands to Russia

1860: Vladivostok to Russia (including Maritime Province)

1871-1881: Sinkiang to Russia

1875: southern part of Sakalin islands to Russia

1875: Kurille islands to Russia

1886: Burma under British rule

1898: Philippines occupied by the USA

1945: Republic of Indonesia declared

1946: Philippines independent

1947: India & Pakistan independent

1948: Burma & Ceylon (later called Sri Lanka) independent

1949: Taiwan gets nationalist government

1963: Dutch New Guinea to Indonesia

1971: Bangladesh (East Pakistan) secedes from Pakistan

1975: Papua New Guinea

1975: Sikkim annexed by India

1984: Brunei independent

Australia:

1642-3: Abel Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land

1770: Captain James Cook claims New Holland for Britain

1788: Port Jackson is selected as the site for the settlement of Sidney

1825: Van Diemen's Land separated from New South Wales

1826: penal colony founded in Albany (Western Australia)

1829: Australia under British rule: New South Wales (including today's Victoria and Queensland)

1829: establishment of the settlement of Fremantle (Perth)

1831: establishment of the colony of Western Australia (which gets its own government in 1890)

1835: first settlement at the site of today's Melbourne

1836: establishment of the colony of South Australia (which gets its own governemnt in 1856)

1840: transportation of convicts to New South Wales ends

1840: annexation of New Zealand by the British

1851: Victoria becomes a separate state (the colony gets its own government in 1855)

1855/1856: New South Wales and South Australia get their own governments

1856: name of Van Diemen's land is changed to Tasmania

1859: Queensland becomes a separate state

1868: transportation of convicts to Western Australia ends

1872: overland telegraph from Adelaide to Darwin completed

1901: the Commonwealth of Australia is established

1927: new capital, Canberra